Question 1

People who score high on neuroticism show higher levels of brain activation in response to negative images than people who score low on neuroticism.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that individuals who score high on neuroticism display increased levels of brain activation in response to negative stimuli, indicating a heightened sensitivity to negative emotions.

Question 2

Hans Eysenck and Raymond Cattell were personality theorists who emphasized unconscious motives in explaining personality and human behavior.

Accepted Answer

Both Hans Eysenck and Raymond Cattell emphasized conscious, measurable traits in their theories of personality, rather than unconscious motives.

Question 3

Carl Rogers proposed the idea of the self-concept, psychological growth, free will, and the inherent goodness of humans.

Accepted Answer

This statement accurately reflects the ideas and beliefs of Carl Rogers. He was a prominent psychologist known for his emphasis on the importance of the self-concept, personal growth, and humanistic values.

Question 4

Brain imaging studies of the Big Five personality traits have found that agreeableness is associated with increased volume in the posterior cingulate cortex, a brain region associated with understanding the beliefs of others.

Accepted Answer

Brain imaging studies have indeed found that agreeableness is associated with increased volume in the posterior cingulate cortex, a brain region associated with social cognition and understanding the beliefs and perspectives of others.

Question 5

Robert McCrae and Paul Costa, Jr. are best known for proposing that there are three basic dimensions of personality: introversion-extraversion, neuroticism-emotional stability, and psychoticism.

Accepted Answer

Robert McCrae and Paul Costa, Jr. are best known for proposing the Five Factor Model of Personality, which includes the dimensions of extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Psychoticism is not one of the dimensions in their widely accepted model.

Question 6

Two personality theorists who emphasized conscious thoughts and experience are Robert McCrae and Albert Bandura.

Accepted Answer

Robert McCrae is a personality theorist who developed the "Big Five" personality traits, which emphasize conscious thoughts and experiences. Albert Bandura is a social cognitive theorist who also focuses on conscious thoughts and experiences, particularly in the development of self-efficacy beliefs.

Question 7

Karen Horney was the person who stressed the importance of parent-child relationships in the development of personality, and described three patterns of behavior that individuals use to defend against basic anxiety.

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney did indeed emphasize the significance of parent-child relationships in personality development, and she also identified three defensive strategies that people utilize to protect themselves against basic anxiety.

Question 8

If friendliness was a genetically influenced trait, identical twins would be more likely to be similar on the trait of friendliness than fraternal twins would be.

Accepted Answer

Identical twins share 100% of their genes while fraternal twins share only 50% of their genes on average. Therefore, if friendliness was genetically influenced, identical twins would be more likely to have similar levels of friendliness than non-identical (fraternal) twins.

Question 9

Robert McCrae and Paul Costa, Jr. are key theorists associated with the five-factor model of personality.

Accepted Answer

Robert McCrae and Paul Costa, Jr. are indeed key theorists associated with the five-factor model of personality, which proposes that personality can be defined by five broad dimensions: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Question 10

Brain imaging studies of the Big Five personality traits have found that conscientiousness is associated with a large region of the frontal cortex called the middle frontal gyrus, which is known to be involved in planning, working memory, and self-regulation.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Studies have shown that the trait of conscientiousness is associated with increased activation and gray matter volume in the middle frontal gyrus.

Question 11

Carl Jung proposed the idea of the collective unconscious, archetypes, and psychological wholeness.

Accepted Answer

Carl Jung did propose the idea of the collective unconscious, archetypes, and psychological wholeness as key concepts in his psychology.

Question 12

There is strong evidence that the traits of extraversion and neuroticism are substantially influenced by genetics.

Accepted Answer

Research studies using twin and family studies, as well as genome-wide association studies, have consistently found that both extraversion and neuroticism have a significant heritability component, with estimates ranging from 30% to 50%. This suggests that genetic factors play a significant role in determining an individual's level of extraversion or neuroticism.

Question 13

The trait approach to personality has provided important insights into basic human motives and the role of the unconscious in personality and mental processes.

Accepted Answer

The trait approach to personality focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions, not on basic human motives or the role of the unconscious, which are more central to psychoanalytic theories.

Question 14

One criticism of trait theories is that they label general predispositions to behave in a certain way, but they do not really explain how individual differences develop.

Accepted Answer

Trait theories focus on identifying and describing individual differences, but they do not necessarily provide explanations for how these differences developed. Other theories, such as social learning theory or biological theories, may provide more insight into the development of individual differences in behavior.

Question 15

Brain imaging studies of the Big Five personality traits have found that extraversion is associated with greater volume in the fusiform gyrus, an area of the cortex specialized for perceiving faces.

Accepted Answer

Several brain imaging studies support the association between extraversion and greater volume in the fusiform gyrus, which is involved in processing social stimuli like faces.

Question 16

One theory of personality suggests that there are three basic dimensions of personality, introversion-extraversion, neuroticism-emotional stability, and psychoticism. According to Table 10.5 this theory was formulated by Raymond Cattell.

Accepted Answer

The theory that suggests there are three basic dimensions of personality (introversion-extraversion, neuroticism-emotional stability, and psychoticism) was formulated by Hans Eysenck, not Raymond Cattell.

Question 17

Brain imaging studies of the Big Five personality traits have found that extraversion is associated with larger brain tissue volume in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, a brain region that is associated with sensitivity to rewarding stimuli.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true, according to brain imaging studies.

Question 18

Sigmund Freud is to the psychoanalytic perspective that which Carl Rogers is to the humanistic perspective.

Accepted Answer

Both Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers are considered to be founding figures within their respective perspectives, with Freud being known as the father of psychoanalysis and Rogers as a major figure within humanistic psychology.

Question 19

Albert Bandura is to trait theory that which Raymond Cattell is to social cognitive theory.

Accepted Answer

The statement is incorrect. Albert Bandura is actually associated with social cognitive theory while Raymond Cattell is known for his contributions to trait theory.

Question 20

Behavioral genetics research has confirmed that both genetic and environmental influences play an important role in the development of personality.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral genetics research has shown that both genetic and environmental factors impact the development of personality, with heritability estimates ranging from 40-60%. This means that genetics play a significant role, but environmental factors such as upbringing, social experiences, and cultural influences also have an important impact on personality development.

Quiz 10: Section 3: Personality