Question 1

Sigmund Freud is to _____ that which Carl Rogers is to _____.

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud is the founder of psychoanalytic theory, which emphasizes unconscious thoughts and childhood experiences as determinants of behavior, whereas Carl Rogers is the founder of humanistic psychology, which focuses on self-actualization and self-concept. Therefore, choice C, psychoanalytic and humanistic, is the best fit for this comparison.

Question 2

Kelley and Madison are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different families. In a twin study, similarities in their personality traits would be judged to be due to _____, and differences in their personality traits would be considered to be due to _____.

Accepted Answer

Identical twins who were separated at birth share the same genetic material, and any similarities in their personality traits would be judged to be due to genetic influences. Differences in their personality traits would be considered to be due to environmental influences, as they were raised in different families with potentially different environments and experiences.

Question 3

Which of the following personality theorists emphasized unconscious motives?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung both emphasized unconscious motives in their respective psychoanalytic theories. Rogers and Bandura focused more on self-concept and social learning, Eysenck and Cattell emphasized traits and behavior, and Eysenck and Maslow emphasized self-actualization and hierarchy of needs.

Question 4

According to Table 10.5, Carl Jung proposed:

Accepted Answer

Table 10.5 lists various personality theorists and their proposed contributions. Carl Jung's proposed ideas included the collective unconscious, archetypes, and the idea of psychological wholeness.

Question 5

One theory of personality suggests that there are three basic dimensions of personality: introversion-extraversion, neuroticism-emotional stability, and psychoticism. According to Table 10.5, this theory was formulated by:

Accepted Answer

The theory of personality with the three dimensions of introversion-extraversion, neuroticism-emotional stability, and psychoticism was formulated by Hans Eysenck.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT an important weakness of the trait approach to personality?

Accepted Answer

Empirical research has supported trait theories of personality. For example, studies have found that the Big Five personality traits are consistently observable across cultures and predict outcomes such as job performance, academic success, and mental health.

Question 7

The field of behavioral genetics studies the:

Accepted Answer

The field of behavioral genetics studies how genes and heredity affect behavior, and how environmental factors interact with genes. It does not suggest that all behaviors are determined solely by genes (A) or that behavior has a direct impact on genes or heredity (C). It also doesn't focus on the influence of traits on genes and behavior (D).

Question 8

Illness and accidents are an example of:

Accepted Answer

Illness and accidents are considered nonshared environmental influences because they can affect individuals differently within the same environment or family, contributing to differences in their development or behavior that are not shared with others in the same environment.

Question 9

Assume that friendliness is a genetically influenced trait. Which of the following groups would you expect to be MOST similar on the trait of friendliness?

Accepted Answer

Identical twins have nearly identical genetic material, so if friendliness is genetically influenced, they would be the most similar on this trait.

Question 10

According to Table 10.5, _____ stressed the importance of parent-child relationships in the development of personality, described three patterns of behavior that individuals use to defend against basic anxiety, and proposed the concept of womb envy.

Accepted Answer

The description matches the theories of Karen Horney, who emphasized the role of parent-child relationships in personality development, identified three defense mechanisms against basic anxiety (moving toward, against, or away from people), and introduced the concept of womb envy in response to Freud's theories of penis envy.

Question 11

Professor Lannigan specializes in human behavioral genetics. Which of the following research methods is she NOT likely to use in her research?

Accepted Answer

Using genetic engineering to alter specific genes and observe effects on personality or behavior would be unethical and not feasible in human research.

Question 12

In contrast to the other four traits, brain imaging studies of the Big Five personality traits have found no significant pattern of brain differences associated with:

Accepted Answer

Openness to experience is the trait among the Big Five personality traits for which brain imaging studies have found no significant pattern of brain differences. The other traits (extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) have been associated with specific brain structures or networks in various studies.

Question 13

_____ is to trait theory that which _____ is to social cognitive theory.

Accepted Answer

The first part of the statement refers to trait theory, which is associated with the work of Raymond Cattell. The second part refers to social cognitive theory, which is associated with the work of Albert Bandura. Therefore, the correct answer is D, in which Raymond Cattell is matched with trait theory and Albert Bandura is matched with social cognitive theory.

Question 14

According to Table 10.5, Robert McCrae and Paul Costa, Jr., are the key theorists associated with the _____ perspective on personality.

Accepted Answer

Table 10.5 lists McCrae and Costa as the theorists associated with the trait perspective on personality, which emphasizes identifying and measuring specific personality traits. The other perspectives listed are not directly associated with these theorists.

Question 15

According to Table 10.5, Robert McCrae and Paul Costa, Jr, are best known for proposing:

Accepted Answer

Table 10.5 states that Robert McCrae and Paul Costa, Jr proposed the five-factor model of personality, which is also known as the Big Five personality traits.

Question 16

Brain imaging studies of the Big Five personality traits have found that _____ is associated with larger brain tissue volume in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, a brain region that is associated with sensitivity to rewarding stimuli.

Accepted Answer

Extraversion is associated with larger brain tissue volume in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, which is associated with sensitivity to rewarding stimuli.

Question 17

The data that provide evidence for the genetic influence on personality traits:

Accepted Answer

The data that provide evidence for the genetic influence on personality traits also suggest that environmental influences play a role in the development of personality. While genetics may provide a predisposition for certain traits, environmental factors such as parenting, cultural influences, and life experiences can shape and modify these traits. Therefore, the importance of environmental influences cannot be disregarded.

Question 18

Which of the following personality theorists emphasized conscious thoughts and experience?

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura both placed a strong emphasis on conscious thoughts and experiences in their theories of personality. Rogers' humanistic theory emphasized the importance of self-awareness and self-acceptance, while Bandura's social cognitive theory focused on the role of cognitive processes in shaping personality and behavior. Freud, Horney, Adler, and Jung all placed more emphasis on unconscious processes and early childhood experiences as determinants of personality.

Question 19

One explanation discussed in the text for the similarities between adult identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in separate homes is that:

Accepted Answer

While genetics do play a role in personality and individual differences, the similarities between separated twins may also be due to chance and similar life experiences. It is not solely determined by genes.

Question 20

Daniel was adopted at birth. In a behavioral genetics study, similarities between Daniel and his adoptive parents are considered to be due to _____, and similarities between Daniel and his biological parents are considered to be due to _____.

Accepted Answer

Similarities between Daniel and his adoptive parents are considered to be due to environmental influences, such as shared experiences and upbringing. Similarities between Daniel and his biological parents are considered to be due to genetic influences, as he inherits certain traits and tendencies from them.

Quiz 10: Section 2: Personality

Sigmund Freud is to _ that which Carl Rogers is to _.

Kelley and Madison are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different families. In a twin study, similarities in their personality traits would be judged to be due to _, and differences in their personality traits would be considered to be due to _.