Question 1

Barbara Tizard and Jill Hodges studied children who were adopted between the ages of two and eight from high-quality orphanages. They observed that these children usually develop normal attachments with their caregivers but many had difficulty forming peer relationships in adolescence because they were perceived as being too ___________.
A)aggressive
B)indifferent
C)needy
D)socially inept

Accepted Answer

Tizard and Hodges found that children adopted from high-quality orphanages often developed normal attachments with their caregivers but struggled with peer relationships in adolescence due to being perceived as too needy. This neediness likely stems from their early experiences of deprivation and their subsequent intense desire for social connections.

Question 2

The parenting style that most likely produces the most negative developmental outcomes such as insecurely attached children with low achievement motivation, disturbed peer relationships, and the tendency to be impulsive and aggressive is called ___________.
A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)neglectful
D)indulgent

Accepted Answer

Neglectful parenting, characterized by a lack of responsiveness to a child's needs, can lead to the most negative developmental outcomes. Children from neglectful environments often exhibit issues such as insecurity, low motivation, troubled peer relationships, and impulsivity due to the absence of guidance, support, and attention from their caregivers.

Question 3

A child is almost two years old, and is embarrassed when they spill beads from a basket. This shows a development of their ___________.
A)self-concept
B)self-esteem
C)self-awareness
D)self-regulation

Accepted Answer

The child's embarrassment upon spilling beads indicates an awareness of themselves in relation to their environment and actions, which is a sign of developing self-awareness. This awareness is foundational for understanding one's impact on the world and is a precursor to the development of other self-related concepts.

Question 4

Which of the following dimensions of parenting styles is NOT identified by Diana Baumrind?
A)Authoritarian
B)Assertive
C)Neglectful
D)Indulgent

Accepted Answer

Diana Baumrind identified three main parenting styles: Authoritarian, Authoritative (often confused with Assertive, but they are not the same), and Permissive (sometimes referred to as Indulgent). Neglectful was later added by researchers Maccoby and Martin, expanding on Baumrind's work. Assertive is not one of the dimensions identified by Baumrind.

Question 5

A child reacts negatively to new situations; the child is also a fussy eater and a fussy sleeper. What would researchers Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess call such an infant?
A)Easy
B)Difficult
C)Slow-to-warm-up
D)Shy

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess would classify an infant who reacts negatively to new situations and is fussy in eating and sleeping habits as a "Difficult" child, based on their temperament classification system.

Question 6

Which of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, is associated with the most positive outcomes such as higher self-esteem, high academic achievement, fewer conduct problems, and consideration of others?
A)Authoritarian
B)Authoritative
C)Neglectful
D)Indulgent

Accepted Answer

Authoritative parenting is associated with the most positive outcomes for children, including higher self-esteem, better academic performance, fewer behavioral problems, and greater consideration of others. This style is characterized by high responsiveness and high demands, balancing clear, firm expectations with support and respect for the child's autonomy.

Question 7

A baby plays freely in the playroom in the presence of the parent. The child is distressed when the parent leaves the room, and happily greets the parent upon returns What attachment style would this baby fall in?
A)Secure
B)Insecure
C)Anxious-resistant
D)Anxious-avoidant

Accepted Answer

This behavior is indicative of a secure attachment style, where the child feels safe to explore when the parent is present, shows distress when the parent leaves, and is happy when the parent returns, demonstrating a healthy attachment and trust in the caregiver's availability and response.

Question 8

One likely reason that the Czechoslovakian twins may have recovered better from their isolation than Victor, the Wild Boy of Aveyron, is because ___________.
A)they were exposed to a more intellectually stimulating environment than Victor was
B)their isolation ended earlier in their lives, when their brains had greater plasticity
C)the twins were born with a socially adaptive temperament
D)significant advances had been made in the study of child development when the twins were found

Accepted Answer

The twins' recovery was likely more successful due to their isolation ending at a younger age, a period when the brain is more adaptable and capable of learning and recovery, compared to Victor, who was found at an older age.

Question 9

The primary difference between Lawrence Kohlberg's stage 3 and stage 4 moral reasoning is that in stage 3, children base their decisions on ___________, whereas in stage 4 they base them on ____________.
A)punishments; rewards
B)gaining approval; rules that must be obeyed
C)rewards; social expectations
D)rewards; both societal laws and personal rights

Accepted Answer

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Stage 3 is characterized by individuals making decisions based on the desire to gain approval from others, while Stage 4 is marked by a focus on obeying societal rules and laws as a sense of duty.

Question 10

Children in day care are at a higher risk for an insecure attachment to their parents when the following negative factors combined: ___________
A)poor quality childcare; impoverished home life; child spent eight to ten hours per week in childcare
B)poor quality childcare; child spent many hours in childcare; unresponsive parents at home
C)overcrowding in childcare; low education level of teachers; low education level of parents
D)lack of materials in childcare; bilingual home; overindulgent parents

Accepted Answer

Children in day care are more likely to develop an insecure attachment to their parents when exposed to poor quality childcare, spend many hours in childcare, and have unresponsive parents at home. These factors combined can negatively affect the child's emotional and social development.

Question 11

The adaptive significance of ______________ may be that it prevents infants from straying too far from their caregivers when they start to crawl and eventually walk.
A)separation anxiety
B)contact comfort
C)object permanence
D)egocentrism

Accepted Answer

Separation anxiety is a developmental stage during which an infant becomes anxious and fearful when separated from a primary caregiver. This emotional response can serve an adaptive purpose by discouraging infants from wandering too far away from their caregivers, thus keeping them safe as they begin to explore their environment through crawling and walking.

Question 12

Using the Strange Situation procedure, 18-month-old Jen displayed fear with her mother in the room, demanded her attention, and acted distressed when her mother left. After her mother's return, Jen could not be soothed by her mother and tried to get away from her mother. Jen's behaviour displays a(n) _________ attachment.
A)anxious-fearful
B)secure
C)anxious-resistant
D)anxious-avoidant

Accepted Answer

Jen's behavior indicates an anxious-resistant attachment style, characterized by distress when separated from the caregiver and difficulty being soothed upon reunion, often showing ambivalence towards the caregiver.

Question 13

Both of these parenting styles are similar in that they involve exercising control over children, but the latter style does so with a high degree of warmth. They are _______________ and ________________________ parenting styles.
A)neglectful; authoritative
B)authoritative; neglectful
C)authoritarian; indulgent
D)authoritarian; authoritative

Accepted Answer

Authoritarian parenting is characterized by high demands and low responsiveness, while authoritative parenting also involves high expectations but is balanced with high responsiveness and warmth towards the child.

Question 14

Harry Harlow found that when isolated monkeys were returned to the colony, they were likely to show any of the following characteristics, EXCEPT ___________.
A)indifference
B)depression
C)terror
D)aggression

Accepted Answer

The answer of Harry Harlow found that when isolated monkeys...

Question 15

Which of following statements about the attachment process is TRUE?
A)Neither separation anxiety nor stranger anxiety show similar patterns cross-culturally.
B)Separation anxiety shows a similar pattern across cultures but stranger anxiety does not.
C)Stranger anxiety shows a similar pattern across cultures but separation anxiety does not.
D)Both separation anxiety and stranger anxiety show similar patterns across cultures.

Accepted Answer

Both separation anxiety and stranger anxiety are considered universal phenomena that show similar patterns across different cultures. This suggests that these responses are rooted in human development and are not solely the product of cultural factors.

Question 16

Studies of human and animal isolates suggest that infancy is a ___________ period where attachment forms most easily and facilitates later development.
A)receptive
B)susceptible
C)sensitive
D)critical

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studies of human and animal isolates suggest...

Question 17

Psychologist Mary Ainsworth used ____________ to examine different types of infant attachment.
A)wire cylinder monkeys
B)the Strange Situation Test
C)moral dilemmas
D)conservation problems

Accepted Answer

Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation Test as a method to assess and categorize attachment styles in infants by observing their reactions to being temporarily left alone by their caregiver and then being reunited.

Question 18

Diana Baumrind (1967) identified two key dimensions of parental behaviour as __________ and __________.
A)discipline versus permissiveness; restrictiveness versus permissiveness
B)restrictiveness versus permissiveness; guidance versus rules
C)consideration versus rudeness; warmth versus hostility
D)warmth versus hostility; restrictiveness versus permissiveness

Accepted Answer

Diana Baumrind identified two key dimensions of parental behavior as warmth versus hostility and restrictiveness versus permissiveness in her research on parenting styles. These dimensions are foundational in distinguishing between authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful parenting styles.

Question 19

When parents interact with their one- to eight-year-old children at science exhibits, they are much more likely to explain the details of how the exhibits work to their sons rather than their daughters even though their sons do not show any more interest in the exhibits than their daughters. This type of parental behaviour demonstrates
A)gender constancy
B)gender identity
C)sex-role stereotypes
D)sex-typing

Accepted Answer

The answer of When parents interact with their one- to...

Question 20

Billy and Tilly's parents are demanding, but caring. These children have good communication with their parents. Billy and Tilly's parents are ___________ parents.
A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)indulgent
D)neglectful

Accepted Answer

Authoritative parents are demanding and responsive. They set high but reasonable standards and encourage open communication, which aligns with the description of Billy and Tilly's parents.

Quiz 12: Development Over the Lifespan

The parenting style that most likely produces the most negative developmental outcomes such as insecurely attached children with low achievement motivation, disturbed peer relationships, and the tendency to be impulsive and aggressive is called ___________.

A child is almost two years old, and is embarrassed when they spill beads from a basket. This shows a development of their ___________.

Which of the following dimensions of parenting styles is NOT identified by Diana Baumrind?

A child reacts negatively to new situations; the child is also a fussy eater and a fussy sleeper. What would researchers Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess call such an infant?

Which of Diana Baumrind's parenting styles, is associated with the most positive outcomes such as higher self-esteem, high academic achievement, fewer conduct problems, and consideration of others?

A baby plays freely in the playroom in the presence of the parent. The child is distressed when the parent leaves the room, and happily greets the parent upon returns What attachment style would this baby fall in?

One likely reason that the Czechoslovakian twins may have recovered better from their isolation than Victor, the Wild Boy of Aveyron, is because ___________.

The primary difference between Lawrence Kohlberg's stage 3 and stage 4 moral reasoning is that in stage 3, children base their decisions on _, whereas in stage 4 they base them on __.

Children in day care are at a higher risk for an insecure attachment to their parents when the following negative factors combined: ___________

The adaptive significance of ______________ may be that it prevents infants from straying too far from their caregivers when they start to crawl and eventually walk.

Both of these parenting styles are similar in that they involve exercising control over children, but the latter style does so with a high degree of warmth. They are _ and __________ parenting styles.

Harry Harlow found that when isolated monkeys were returned to the colony, they were likely to show any of the following characteristics, EXCEPT ___________.

Which of following statements about the attachment process is TRUE?

Studies of human and animal isolates suggest that infancy is a ___________ period where attachment forms most easily and facilitates later development.

Psychologist Mary Ainsworth used ____________ to examine different types of infant attachment.

Diana Baumrind (1967) identified two key dimensions of parental behaviour as and .

Billy and Tilly's parents are demanding, but caring. These children have good communication with their parents. Billy and Tilly's parents are ___________ parents.