Question 1

All of the following are valid potential criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning, EXCEPT ____________.
A)studies show that it is not uncommon for children to skip stages of moral reasoning
B)children begin to develop a theory of the mind by three or four years of age
C)Kohlberg's model focuses too much on moral thinking and not enough on moral behaviour
D)Kohlberg's model utilized a potentially culturally biased conception of "justice"

Accepted Answer

The answer of All of the following are valid potential...

Question 2

According to Erikson's model, if the major crises of earlier stages have been successfully resolved, the person experiences a sense of completeness and fulfilment, called ___________.
A)intimacy
B)generativity
C)commitment
D)integrity

Accepted Answer

Erikson's model suggests that if the major crises of earlier stages are successfully resolved, the person experiences a sense of integrity. This is part of the final stage of his psychosocial development theory, which focuses on reflecting on one's life and feeling a sense of fulfillment.

Question 3

According to Erikson's model, older adults who have not achieved positive outcomes at earlier stages may experience regret for not being able to relive their lives in a more fulfilling way. This is called ___________.
A)stagnation
B)despair
C)isolation
D)distress

Accepted Answer

Erikson's model refers to this feeling as "despair," which occurs in the final stage of his psychosocial development theory, where older adults reflect on their lives. If they have not achieved what they hoped, they may experience despair over their perceived failures and the inability to redo their lives.

Question 4

In the study by Arnett (2001), when asked which characteristics" must be achieved before a person can be considered an adult," ___________.
A)90% of participants endorsed the importance of reaching age 18
B)90% of participants endorsed the importance of getting married and having children
C)90% of participants endorsed the importance of accepting responsibility for one's actions
D)90% of participants endorsed the importance of being employed full time

Accepted Answer

In Arnett's (2001) study, the majority of participants highlighted the importance of accepting responsibility for one's actions as a key criterion for adulthood, rather than reaching a certain age, marital status, or employment status.

Question 5

According to James Marcia, individuals who want to establish a clear identity, and are currently experiencing an identity crisis that is not yet resolved, are classified as having a(n) ___________ status.
A)identity diffusion
B)foreclosure
C)moratorium
D)identity achievement

Accepted Answer

James Marcia's identity status model includes the moratorium status, which describes individuals who are actively exploring various options and experiencing an identity crisis but have not yet made a commitment to a specific identity. This status is characterized by a period of active searching and questioning.

Question 6

Kohlberg called the type of moral reasoning based on conformity to social expectations, laws, and duties, _________ moral reasoning.
A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)subconventional

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning is characterized by an emphasis on conforming to social expectations, laws, and duties. This level typically emerges in adolescence and is focused on maintaining social order and gaining approval from others.

Question 7

James Marcia (1966, 2002) proposed that people could be classified as having an "identity status." Individuals who seem unconcerned or even cynical about identity issues, and are not committed to a coherent set of values, are classified as having a(n) __________ status.
A)identity diffusion
B)foreclosure
C)moratorium
D)identity achievement

Accepted Answer

James Marcia's theory of identity status classifies individuals who are not committed to a coherent set of values and are unconcerned or cynical about identity issues as having an "identity diffusion" status. This status is characterized by a lack of exploration and commitment in areas important to identity formation.

Question 8

Contrary to popular belief, research indicates that rates of parent-teen conflict are relatively __________ in countries around the world.
A)low
B)moderate
C)high
D)severe

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that parent-teen conflict is generally low across different cultures, challenging the common perception that such conflicts are universally high.

Question 9

A teenager who says to themselves that nobody else could possibly comprehend the struggles and difficulties they have been through is best demonstrating the concept of ____________.
A)gender identity
B)the personal fable
C)the imaginary audience
D)egocentrism

Accepted Answer

The concept of the personal fable is part of adolescent egocentrism, where teenagers believe their experiences are unique and not understood by others, often leading to a sense of invulnerability or uniqueness.

Question 10

Cross-cultural research on the social habits of adolescents has revealed that teens in _____________ appear to place more emphasis on peer relationships than teens in _____________ do.
A)America; Canada
B)Asia; Europe
C)Canada; Europe
D)Europe; America

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cross-cultural research on the social habits of...

Question 11

Kohlberg called the type of moral reasoning that is based on well thought out, general moral principles _________ moral reasoning.
A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)subconventional

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of moral development proposes three levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Postconventional moral reasoning is characterized by decisions made according to universal ethical principles and personal conscience, beyond societal norms or conventions.

Question 12

A person strongly feels that one must show respect for authority to maintain social order. In which of Kohlberg's stage of moral reasoning does this person fall?
A)Preconventional
B)Conventional
C)Postconventional
D)Unconventional

Accepted Answer

This person falls into the Conventional stage of Kohlberg's stages of moral development. At this level, individuals believe in following rules and respecting authority to maintain social order.

Question 13

A middle-aged person who is very concerned about giving something back to his community. The person has joined the Big Brother/Big Sister program and spends a couple of hours each week volunteering at a local shelter for homeless teens. This person's behaviours are most relevant to which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?
A)Identity versus role confusion
B)Integrity versus despair
C)Generativity versus stagnation
D)Industry versus inferiority

Accepted Answer

Generativity versus stagnation is the stage of Erikson's psychosocial development theory that occurs during middle adulthood. It involves the need to create or nurture things that will outlast the individual, often by parenting children or contributing to positive changes that benefit other people. The described behaviors of volunteering and wanting to give back to the community align with the concept of generativity.

Question 14

Which of the following is a factor associated with the greater retention of cognitive abilities in older adults?
A)Being involved in cognitively stimulating personal activities
B)Marrying a spouse of similar intellectual ability
C)Having an above-average income
D)Having a job that provides average cognitive stimulation

Accepted Answer

Engaging in cognitively stimulating activities is associated with greater retention of cognitive abilities in older adults, as it helps keep the brain active and may enhance neural efficiency and plasticity.

Question 15

Even though most adolescents get along relatively well with their parents, some parents and teenagers do appear to struggle with their relationships. Teens who report more conflict with parents are often more likely to have problems with school misconduct and antisocial behaviour. However, when interpreting this result, it is very important to remember that the ___________.
A)research conducted so far has focused exclusively on adolescents in the United States so we don't yet know if similar patterns exist in other cultures
B)researchers in these studies have not been kept blind to the participants' condition, which limits the validity of the research
C)correlation does not equal causation and it is difficult to tell what factor is causal in this relationship
D)methods utilized in this research are very susceptible to experimenter expectancy effects

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is C because it highlights a fundamental principle in research interpretation: correlation does not imply causation. This means that just because two variables are associated (in this case, conflict with parents and problems with school misconduct and antisocial behavior), it does not mean that one causes the other. There could be other factors at play, or the relationship could be more complex than a simple cause-and-effect scenario.

Question 16

When researchers use a ____________ design, they typically find that both fluid and crystallized intelligence decline relatively early in life, but when they use a(n) ___________ design, they often find that both of these abilities remain stable until much later in life.
A)correlational; experimental
B)cross-sectional; longitudinal
C)naturalistic observation; self-report
D)placebo; double-blind

Accepted Answer

Cross-sectional designs, which compare different age groups at one point in time, often suggest an early decline in intelligence. Longitudinal designs, which follow the same individuals over time, tend to show that intelligence remains stable until later in life.

Question 17

Studies on infant attachment across most cultures indicate that which percentage of infants are securely attached?
A)75-100%
B)60-70%
C)20-25%
D)50-75%

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studies on infant attachment across most cultures...

Question 18

Most studies of newlywed couples find that marital satisfaction typically __________ in the first few years after getting married.
A)remains relatively stable
B)slightly increases
C)dramatically increases
D)declines

Accepted Answer

Most studies indicate that marital satisfaction tends to decline in the first few years after getting married, as the initial euphoria wears off and couples face more realistic challenges and adjustments.

Question 19

Peers tend to have greater influence over __________ whereas parents tend to have greater influence over ___________.
A)attitudes toward people, politics, and religion; morality, hairstyles, and dress
B)politics, morality, and career decisions; dress, hairstyles, and attitudes toward people
C)dress, hairstyles, and attitudes toward other people; politics, morality, and career decisions
D)career decisions, dress, and hairstyles; morality, politics, and attitudes toward other people

Accepted Answer

Peers tend to have a significant influence on aspects such as dress, hairstyles, and attitudes toward other people because these are areas where social acceptance and trends play a big role. Parents, on the other hand, often have a stronger influence on politics, morality, and career decisions, as they are key figures in instilling values, ethics, and long-term planning in their children.

Question 20

Elkind suggests that there are two parts to adolescent egocentrism. The first is _________, in which adolescents overestimate the uniqueness of their feelings and experiences, and the second is __________, in which adolescents are oversensitive to social evaluation.
A)imaginary audience; personal fable
B)personal fable; low self-esteem
C)personal fable; imaginary audience
D)popular fable; imaginary criticism

Accepted Answer

Elkind's theory of adolescent egocentrism includes two key concepts: the personal fable, where adolescents believe their experiences and feelings are unique and not understood by others, and the imaginary audience, where they feel they are constantly being watched and judged by others.

Quiz 12: Development Over the Lifespan

All of the following are valid potential criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning, EXCEPT ____________.

According to Erikson's model, if the major crises of earlier stages have been successfully resolved, the person experiences a sense of completeness and fulfilment, called ___________.

According to Erikson's model, older adults who have not achieved positive outcomes at earlier stages may experience regret for not being able to relive their lives in a more fulfilling way. This is called ___________.

In the study by Arnett (2001) , when asked which characteristics" must be achieved before a person can be considered an adult," ___________.

According to James Marcia, individuals who want to establish a clear identity, and are currently experiencing an identity crisis that is not yet resolved, are classified as having a(n) ___________ status.

Kohlberg called the type of moral reasoning based on conformity to social expectations, laws, and duties, _________ moral reasoning.

James Marcia (1966, 2002) proposed that people could be classified as having an "identity status." Individuals who seem unconcerned or even cynical about identity issues, and are not committed to a coherent set of values, are classified as having a(n) __________ status.

Contrary to popular belief, research indicates that rates of parent-teen conflict are relatively __________ in countries around the world.

A teenager who says to themselves that nobody else could possibly comprehend the struggles and difficulties they have been through is best demonstrating the concept of ____________.

Cross-cultural research on the social habits of adolescents has revealed that teens in _ appear to place more emphasis on peer relationships than teens in _ do.

Kohlberg called the type of moral reasoning that is based on well thought out, general moral principles _________ moral reasoning.

A person strongly feels that one must show respect for authority to maintain social order. In which of Kohlberg's stage of moral reasoning does this person fall?

Which of the following is a factor associated with the greater retention of cognitive abilities in older adults?

When researchers use a __ design, they typically find that both fluid and crystallized intelligence decline relatively early in life, but when they use a(n) _ design, they often find that both of these abilities remain stable until much later in life.

Studies on infant attachment across most cultures indicate that which percentage of infants are securely attached?

Most studies of newlywed couples find that marital satisfaction typically __________ in the first few years after getting married.

Peers tend to have greater influence over whereas parents tend to have greater influence over _.

Elkind suggests that there are two parts to adolescent egocentrism. The first is _, in which adolescents overestimate the uniqueness of their feelings and experiences, and the second is __, in which adolescents are oversensitive to social evaluation.