Question 1

Endotoxin exists in the cell walls of:

Accepted Answer

Endotoxins exist in the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria and consist of lipopolysaccharide, which increases pathogenic potential. The bacterium promotes bone resorption, chemotaxis of neutrophils, and inhibition of osteogenesis.

Question 2

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) targets what helper lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) targets CD4 helper lymphocytes causing extreme immunosuppression. These patients are susceptible to viral, protozoal, fungal infections, opportunistic bacteria, common occurrences of candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia.

Question 3

Mineralized plaque is called;

Accepted Answer

Mineralized plaque is called calculus. It is formed by highly concentrated calcium and phosphorous solutions such as saliva. When the calculus is subgingival, it is denser, harder, and darker from blood breakdown pigmentation. Supragingival calculus is above the free gingival margin and appears as white or yellow.

Question 4

Complex microbial accumulation on the tooth's surface is:

Accepted Answer

Complex microbial accumulation on the tooth's surface is plaque. The plaque is contained within the dextran matrix. Within dental plaque, there will be a display of epithelial cells, leukocytes, macrophages, calcium, phosphorous, and inorganic material.

Question 5

Aggressive perodontitis has what two forms:

Accepted Answer

Aggressive perodontitis has two forms: generalized and localized. The generalized form is aggressive, with episodic and severe attachment separation and there is obliteration of tissue around the majority of teeth. Eikenella corrodens and Prevotella intermedia causes the majority of damage. The localized form has severe attachment separation that is confined to the incisors and first molars. There is a genetic predisposition suspected or a chemotactic defect of the neutrophils. Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans and Capnocytophaga varieties cause the majority of damage.

Question 6

In pharmacodynamics, an agonist is:

Accepted Answer

In pharmacodynamics, an agonist is a drug that binds to cell receptors and triggers a physiological reaction. The goal of the agonist is to stabilize their active conformation. There are two types of agonists, full and partial. Full agonists activate all or a portion of receptors for maximum response. Partial agonists cause less response, even if all receptors are active.

Question 7

Early lesions of gingivitis occurs in:

Accepted Answer

Early lesions of gingivitis occur in 4 - 7 days. The area will display persistent inflammation, while the area infected increases. Leukocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and plasma cells will invade the area to offer a defense.

Question 8

Perodontitis progresses:

Accepted Answer

Perodontitis progresses slowly and painlessly. Perodontitis destroys the attachment apparatus, periodontal ligament, and bone. Can be successfully treated with medication and oral hygiene.

Question 9

Where are mast cells located?

Accepted Answer

Mast cells are located in connective tissue. The cells contain basophilic granules and release heparin and histamine when there is injury or inflammation. The level of histamine released correlates with inflammation.

Question 10

Difluorodichloromethane is:

Accepted Answer

Difluorodichloromethane is "endo ice."? "Endo ice"? is used when performing a thermal test to check pulp activity. The test is to help provide etiology and prognosis of oral complications.

Question 11

The inflammation of a periradicular lesion must spread to which bone to be detectable during a radiographic exam?

Accepted Answer

The inflammation of a periradicular lesion must spread to the cortical bone to be detectable during a radiographic exam. These lesions show loss of lamina dura apically. If radiolucency is teamed with vital pulp, the lesion is not a periradicular lesion. In this case, another pathosis should be considered.

Question 12

What pulpal diagnosis elicits no response to thermal tests?

Accepted Answer

Necrotic pulp elicits no response to thermal tests during pulpal diagnosis. However, no response to the stimuli may also indicate an immature tooth, previous pulp pulpotomy, partially necrotic pulp, or pulp canal obliteration.

Question 13

During a clinical exam, three exams are included. What does the intraoral exam check:

Accepted Answer

During a clinical exam, three exams are included. The intraoral exam checks the mucosa gingiva for infection visually and digitally for discoloration and sinus tract. Ulceration, swelling, and inflammation should also be noted. At this time, an oral cancer screening is performed.

Question 14

What is the anatomic gingiva?

Accepted Answer

Anatomic gingiva is the mucosa that covers the alveolar process and surrounds the cervical portion of the teeth. The gingiva is composed of connective tissue and epithelium. It secretes gingival crevicular fluid that increases with inflammation.

Question 15

After long-term progression, a split tooth can become:

Accepted Answer

After long-term progression, a split tooth can become a vertical root fracture. This fracture begins in the root and ends at the occlusal surface. Teeth that have had prior treatment are more susceptible. Often, the patient will complain of pain during biting and during palpation. There is often a history of sinus problems and oral cysts.

Question 16

Zinc oxide-eugenol has what characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Zinc oxide-eugenol is oil-based, low in strength, has a calming effect on pulp, and acts like temporary cement. The calming effect of pulp makes zinc oxide-eugenol useful when dealing with vulnerable tubules.

Question 17

The restorative alloy and mercury compound that has proven durability and longevity is:

Accepted Answer

The restorative alloy and mercury compound that has proven durability and longevity is amalgam. It is used as a dental filling. Amalgam consists of silver, tin, copper, zinc, and mercury.

Question 18

Indirect pulp capping is completed during two separate visits. How far apart are these visits?

Accepted Answer

Indirect pulp capping is completed during two separate visits that are 6 - 8 months apart. During the first visit, caries are excavated and treated with calcium hydroxide for temporary restoration. During the second visit, the restorative material and any residual caries are removed and the tooth is permanently restored.

Question 19

A crown fracture with pulp exposure is called:

Accepted Answer

A crown fracture with pulp exposure is called a complicated crown fracture. Treatment is indicated when the pulp is exposed but vital and the fracture involves enamel and dentin. For adult teeth, pulp capping, partial pulpotomy, or a root canal will be needed. For primary teeth, it will be necessary to protect the pulp to continue root development, Once the root is developed root canal and crown placement may be performed.

Question 20

Which irrigating solution encourages calcification and inhibits resorption process?

Accepted Answer

Calcium hydroxide encourages calcification and inhibits resorption process. The primary function of this agent is its antibacterial and cauterizing activity. Because of its ability, the agent is used in pulp capping, apexogenesis, apexification, and partial pulpotomy.

Quiz 1: Dental Board