Question 1

Teaching people to stop blaming themselves for failures and negative circumstances beyond their control is of most direct concern to ________ therapy.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive therapy focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns, including those that lead to self-blame and guilt.

Question 2

Persuading depressed patients to reverse their catastrophizing beliefs about themselves and their futures is most characteristic of

Accepted Answer

Beck's cognitive therapy focuses on identifying and modifying negative and distorted thought patterns, including catastrophizing beliefs. Rogers' client-centered therapy emphasizes empathy, unconditional positive regard, and authenticity in the therapeutic relationship. Wolpe's exposure therapy aims to reduce anxiety and fear by gradually exposing the client to the feared stimulus. Freud's psychoanalysis emphasizes the exploration of unconscious conflicts and unresolved childhood experiences.

Question 3

Whenever 2-year-old Calista runs into the street in front of her house,her mother immediately spanks her.The mother's technique most closely resembles the procedure known as

Accepted Answer

The mother's spanking is a form of punishment that aims to decrease the likelihood of Calista running into the street in the future. This is a classic example of aversive conditioning, which uses punishment or other unpleasant stimuli to decrease the occurrence of a behavior.

Question 4

Influencing patients by therapeutically controlling the consequences of their actions illustrates an application of

Accepted Answer

Therapeutically controlling the consequences of a patient's actions is an application of operant conditioning. This involves using rewards and punishments to reinforce desired behaviors and discourage unwanted behaviors. By shaping the consequences of a patient's actions, a therapist can help the patient learn new behaviors and change their patterns of behavior. This is different from classical conditioning, which involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a reflexive response in order to create a new association. Systematic desensitization is a technique used in behavior therapy to help patients overcome phobias and anxiety disorders by gradually exposing them to their feared stimuli. Humanistic therapy is a client-centered approach that focuses on the individual's unique experiences and perspectives, rather than seeking to control their behavior through external reinforcement.

Question 5

Self-blaming explanations of bad events often fuel a depressed mood that leads to behavioral withdrawal and the later pain of feeling lonely.This best illustrates that depression may involve

Accepted Answer

The statement suggests that there is a vicious cycle in which self-blaming explanations of bad events lead to a depressed mood, which in turn leads to behavioral withdrawal and loneliness. This cycle perpetuates the depression and suggests that depression may involve a negative feedback loop.

Question 6

Cognitive therapies are most likely to focus on the extent to which emotional disturbances result from

Accepted Answer

Cognitive therapies are based on the idea that a person's thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes play a significant role in their emotional disturbances. Therefore, cognitive therapists are likely to focus on identifying and addressing problematic patterns of thinking, such as self-blaming and overgeneralized explanations of bad events, that may contribute to emotional difficulties.

Question 7

Because he performed below the class average on his first college psychology test,Aaron concluded that he was incredibly stupid,that he would fail the course,and that he would never be successful in life.Aaron's conclusions best illustrate

Accepted Answer

Aaron's conclusions involve catastrophizing, which is an irrational thought pattern where small setbacks or failures are blown out of proportion and lead to extreme, negative conclusions about oneself or a situation. This type of negative thinking can be detrimental to one's mental health and overall well-being.

Question 8

Although Ethan is actually doing very well in college,he feels depressed and academically incompetent.His therapist has instructed him to explain in writing how his good grades resulted from his own hard work and personal abilities.This therapeutic procedure is most characteristic of ________ therapy.

Accepted Answer

The therapeutic procedure of instructing Ethan to write about how his good grades resulted from his own hard work and personal abilities reflects cognitive therapy's focus on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and beliefs.

Question 9

If therapy clients repeatedly imbibe an alcoholic drink mixed with a nausea-producing drug,an alcoholic drink without the drug is likely to become a(n)________ for feelings of nausea.

Accepted Answer

A conditioned stimulus (CS) is the previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US), eventually triggers a conditioned response (CR). In this scenario, the alcoholic drink mixed with the nausea-producing drug is the US, and the nausea it produces is the UR. As the clients repeatedly drink the US, they may start to associate the taste of the drink with the feeling of nausea, making the drink alone a CS that triggers the CR of feeling nauseous.

Question 10

The practice of ________ is based on the application of operant conditioning principles.

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification is a technique that uses positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction to change behavior. It is based on the principles of operant conditioning, which involves adjusting behavior through the use of consequences. Choice A, unconditional positive regard, is a concept from humanistic psychology that involves accepting and valuing individuals without judgment, while choice B, systematic desensitization, is a type of therapy for anxiety disorders that involves gradually exposing individuals to feared stimuli. Choice C, free association, is a technique from psychoanalytic therapy that involves allowing clients to speak freely without censorship.

Question 11

Aaron Beck has used gentle questioning intended to reveal depressed clients' irrational thinking.His therapeutic approach best illustrates

Accepted Answer

Aaron Beck's therapeutic approach is centered around cognitive therapy, which uses questioning to reveal and challenge irrational thoughts and beliefs that contribute to psychological distress.

Question 12

Which of the following is most often criticized for violating clients' rights to personal freedom and self-determination?

Accepted Answer

Behavior modification is often criticized for violating clients' rights to personal freedom and self-determination because it focuses on using external reinforcement and punishment to modify behavior, potentially overriding the client's internal motivations and desires. This can lead to feelings of coercion and loss of autonomy for the client. In contrast, cognitive therapy, client-centered therapy, and systematic desensitization all prioritize the client's autonomy and agency in the therapeutic process.

Question 13

Proponents of ________ have argued that maintaining appropriate patient behaviors with positive rewards is more humane than relying on punishment.

Accepted Answer

Token economies involve rewarding appropriate behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged for desired privileges or items. This system relies on positive reinforcement rather than punishment, making it a more humane approach. Stress inoculation training is a type of therapy that helps individuals prepare for and cope with stressful situations. Aversive conditioning involves associating a negative stimulus with an undesired behavior in order to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring. Free association is a psychoanalytic technique in which a patient expresses uncensored thoughts and emotions. None of these options directly relate to the use of positive rewards for maintaining appropriate patient behaviors.

Question 14

Principles of operant conditioning have most directly influenced the development of

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning principles have been central to the development of behavior therapies, which aim to modify maladaptive behaviors through reinforcement, punishment, and shaping techniques. Cognitive and humanistic therapies prioritize the role of the client's thoughts and emotions in treatment, while psychodynamic therapies focus on exploring unconscious conflicts and past experiences.

Question 15

In which operant conditioning procedure are positive reinforcers given for desired behaviors?

Accepted Answer

In a token economy, positive reinforcers (tokens or points) are given for desired behaviors, which can then be exchanged for rewards later. Systematic desensitization is a type of classical conditioning, aversive conditioning involves punishing unwanted behavior, and free association is a technique used in psychoanalysis.

Question 16

In one treatment program,parents spent 40 hours a week attempting to shape the behavior of their uncommunicative 3-year-olds with autism spectrum disorder.This program most clearly involved

Accepted Answer

The treatment program described in the question involves shaping the behavior of 3-year-olds with autism spectrum disorder. This is a clear indication of behavior therapy, which focuses on changing and reinforcing observable behaviors through various techniques such as positive reinforcement, shaping, and extinction. Client-centered therapy (A), psychodynamic therapy (C), and stress inoculation training (D) are not relevant to the treatment program described in the question.

Question 17

Which of the following is a form of cognitive therapy?

Accepted Answer

Stress inoculation training is a form of cognitive therapy designed to help individuals prepare themselves in advance to handle stressful events successfully. It involves teaching coping mechanisms and ways to change negative thought patterns.

Question 18

Mrs.Laiti is a compulsive gambler.To reduce her attraction to this self-defeating activity,a behavior therapist would most likely use

Accepted Answer

Aversive conditioning is a type of classical conditioning in which an individual learns to associate a behavior with an unpleasant stimulus, such as an electric shock or nausea-inducing drug. In the case of Mrs. Laiti, the therapist would use aversive conditioning to help her associate gambling with an unpleasant outcome, making her less likely to engage in the behavior. This approach would be more effective than stress inoculation training, which helps individuals cope with stress, or a token economy, which rewards desired behaviors with tokens or other incentives. Systematic desensitization is a technique used to treat anxiety disorders and would not be effective in treating a gambling addiction.

Question 19

Mr.Quinones,a fifth-grade teacher,gives a blue plastic star to each student who achieves a high score on a math or spelling test.At the end of the semester,students can exchange their stars for prizes.Mr.Quinones' strategy illustrates an application of

Accepted Answer

Mr. Quinones' strategy of giving a reward (blue plastic star) for desired behavior (achieving high scores) is an example of operant conditioning. The students are more likely to repeat the desired behavior in order to receive the reward.

Question 20

What would be most helpful for encouraging adults with intellectual disabilities to make their beds every morning?

Accepted Answer

A token economy involves providing rewards or tokens for desired behaviors, which can be exchanged for preferred items or activities. This could be an effective strategy for encouraging adults with intellectual disabilities to make their beds every morning. Aversive conditioning and systematic desensitization may not be necessary or appropriate for this task, and cognitive therapy may not directly address the specific behavior of making the bed.

Quiz 17: Therapy