Question 1

Stress-related depression has been attributed to:

Accepted Answer

Stress-related depression is often linked to decreased levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus, which is crucial for neuroplasticity and resilience against stress.

Question 2

The immune system can detect danger through the:

Accepted Answer

Damage molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) are molecules that are released by damaged cells and can be recognized by the immune system as a sign of danger.

Question 3

Psychological stress results in:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Psychological stress results in:
...

Question 4

Low social status is associated with:

Accepted Answer

Low social status is associated with exaggerated cytokine responses to stress. This is because individuals with lower social status often experience higher levels of chronic stress, which can lead to an overactive immune response, including the production of cytokines.

Question 5

This cytokine, although used to treat some forms of cancer, can induce severe depression:

Accepted Answer

Interferon-α is known to be used in the treatment of certain cancers, such as melanoma and hepatitis C, but it has been associated with inducing severe depression in some patients. This side effect is significant enough that patients undergoing treatment with interferon-α are often monitored for changes in mood and mental health.

Question 6

Inflammatory immune activation can result in:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Inflammatory immune activation can result in:
...

Question 7

What is the most effective way of bridging the intention-behavior gap in relation to health behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Forming specific plans and setting clear goals is recognized as an effective strategy for bridging the intention-behavior gap in health behaviors. This approach, often encapsulated in the concept of "implementation intentions," helps individuals specify when, where, and how they will act on their intentions, making it more likely that they will follow through.

Question 8

When encouraging healthy behaviors via education, phrasing a message empathetically ("quitting smoking may give you extra years to enjoy with your family") rather than negatively ("you will die earlier if you keep smoking") is referred to as the _______:

Accepted Answer

The framing effect refers to how the presentation or "framing" of information can influence our decisions and judgments. In this context, presenting the benefits of quitting smoking in a positive, empathetic manner rather than focusing on the negative consequences is an example of using the framing effect to encourage healthier behavior.

Question 9

Which model/theory is the following statement most consistent with? "Smoking puts me at risk of cancer - however, I can stop smoking and reduce my risk of cancer."

Accepted Answer

The statement aligns with the Health Belief Model, which suggests that people's beliefs about health problems, perceived benefits of action and barriers to action, and self-efficacy can predict health-related behaviors. In this case, the belief that smoking increases cancer risk and the belief in the ability to quit smoking to reduce this risk are central to the model's focus on individual perceptions and decision-making processes regarding health behaviors.

Question 10

Which two elements are found in the protection motivation theory of health related behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Protection Motivation Theory includes both self-efficacy, which is the belief in one's ability to take action, and response efficacy, which is the belief that the action taken will effectively reduce the threat.

Question 11

Which model/theory is the following statement most consistent with? "In 2010, I was terrified that I would get swine flu. Because of this fear, I got vaccinated as soon as I could."

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which model/theory is the following statement most...

Question 12

If someone is confident in relation to their ability to engage in particular behavior successfully, we call this _______:

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments. It reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment.

Question 13

Which model/theory is the following statement most consistent with? "Most people don't smoke anymore or find it disgusting; quitting smoking will probably reduce my risk of several illnesses, and it will also mean that I won't have to spend time freezing outside in the winter - I should quit smoking."

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which model/theory is the following statement most...

Question 14

Which model/theory is the following statement most consistent with? "I'm at risk of several weight-related disorders and want to start eating healthier as well as exercising - this will be good for my health and I will probably start feeling better pretty quickly. Within the next couple of weeks, I'm going to limit take-out to only once a week and will go on walks, and within a few months, I'll progress to cooking my own meals at least three days a week and my walks will start to turn into jogs."

Accepted Answer

The statement aligns with the Transtheoretical Model, which describes behavior change as a process that occurs in stages, including precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. The individual's plan to start with small changes and gradually increase their health behaviors reflects this staged approach.

Question 15

Which of these is not a criticism of the Transtheoretical model?

Accepted Answer

The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is not limited by age and can be applied to individuals of various ages, including those under 25. The criticisms typically revolve around its theoretical assumptions, testing methodologies, and consideration of external factors, not age restrictions.

Question 16

What is the term used when a conditioned response is eliminated or inhibited?

Accepted Answer

Extinction is the term used in psychology to describe the process by which a conditioned response is reduced or eliminated, typically by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 17

What term used when an individual changes their internal monologue so as to frame thoughts in a positive or constructive manner?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive restructuring is a technique used to change negative thoughts into positive ones.

Question 18

During dieting:

Accepted Answer

Body cells respond as they would during a famine, as the body attempts to conserve energy and maintain homeostasis.

Question 19

Regarding branded diets, which of these is true?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Regarding branded diets, which of these is...

Question 20

Obesity is associated with increased levels of _______ that may inhibit _______ fat activity.

Accepted Answer

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that has been shown to inhibit brown fat activity. Brown fat is a type of fat that is found in small amounts in humans and other mammals. It is activated in response to cold temperatures and helps to generate heat.

Quiz 1: Health Psychology