Question 1

In the mid-1800s, British chemist Thomas Kingsford (1814-1869), while working with his son Thomson in a New Jersey starch factory, built the famous Kingsford corn starch factory in Oswego, NY, making this cheap corn starch sweetener a major food industry product as it gained prominence worldwide.

Accepted Answer

Thomas Kingsford built the famous Kingsford corn starch factory in Oswego, NY, in the mid-1800s.

Question 2

The average American currently consumes between 50 and 70 grams (1.7-2.5 oz) of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) in sugar-sweetened beverages (cola-type drinks) daily, which translates to an extra daily consumption of 200 to 250 kilocalories.

Accepted Answer

The average consumption of HFCS in sugar-sweetened beverages can indeed range between 50 and 70 grams daily, which corresponds to an additional intake of approximately 200 to 250 kilocalories, considering that HFCS is a significant source of calories in these drinks.

Question 3

Examples of sugar-sweetened drinks include nondiet soft drinks, fruit drinks, iced tea, and energy, electrolyte replacement, and vitamin water beverages.

Accepted Answer

Sugar-sweetened drinks encompass a wide range of beverages that contain added sugars, including nondiet soft drinks, fruit drinks, iced tea, and various enhanced waters such as energy, electrolyte replacement, and vitamin water beverages.

Question 4

Persons who drink one or two nondiet drinks daily increase their type 2 diabetes risk by 26% compared with those drinking less than one drink monthly. A 20% greater risk also occurs for central obesity, hypertension, abnormal cholesterol, insulin resistance, and lack of physical activity-the cluster of factors that increase cardiovascular disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes risk.

Accepted Answer

Consuming one or two sugary drinks daily can significantly increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 26% compared to those who consume less than one sugary drink per month. This is due to the high sugar content in these beverages, which can lead to weight gain, insulin resistance, and other metabolic changes that contribute to the development of diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors.

Question 5

A report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention revealed that 50% of Americans drink a soda or other sugary beverage each day, with 1 in 20 people drinking the equivalent of more than four cans daily!

Accepted Answer

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported on the consumption habits of Americans regarding sugary drinks, indicating high levels of daily intake among the population, which aligns with concerns over dietary habits and health implications.

Question 6

Drinking a nondiet single can of Coca Cola, Coke, Mello Yellow, or Mountain Dew contains more than 40 grams of sugar (1.4 oz), the equivalent of about three tablespoons of sugar or almost one-half cup of sugar when drinking four sodas daily!

Accepted Answer

A single can of Coca-Cola contains about 39 grams of sugar, which is roughly equivalent to about 9.75 teaspoons or a little over 3 tablespoons. Drinking four sodas daily would indeed significantly exceed this amount, amounting to almost half a cup of sugar.

Question 7

Leucine, valine, and isoleucine, the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) from muscle oxidize in energy metabolism during physical activity, making them play important roles during activities of short duration like 25 yard swims or 10-minute walks performed comfortably.

Accepted Answer

Leucine, valine, and isoleucine are indeed branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) that play important roles in energy metabolism during physical activity. However, their primary benefits are more pronounced during prolonged or intense exercise rather than short-duration, low-intensity activities. BCAAs help delay fatigue and improve exercise performance, particularly in endurance sports or activities.

Question 8

A combination carbohydrate-plus-protein supplement consumed during physical activity stimulates insulin secretion, which in turn increases muscle and liver glycogen as physical activity progresses.

Accepted Answer

Insulin secretion is typically suppressed during physical activity to allow for increased glucose availability to the muscles; thus, consuming a carbohydrate-plus-protein supplement would not significantly increase insulin levels or glycogen synthesis during exercise.

Question 9

A cascade of three factors, rebound hypoglycemia, depressed lipid catabolism, and premature depletion of glycogen reserves, negatively impacts endurance performance.

Accepted Answer

This cascade can negatively impact endurance performance because rebound hypoglycemia can reduce the availability of glucose for energy, depressed lipid catabolism can limit the use of fats as an alternative energy source, and premature depletion of glycogen reserves can lead to early onset of fatigue, all of which can impair an athlete's ability to maintain optimal performance levels over time.

Question 10

Adding a small amount of glucose and sodium (glucose being the more important factor) to the oral rehydration solution negatively impacts gastric emptying.

Accepted Answer

Adding a small amount of glucose actually facilitates the absorption of sodium and water in the intestines, improving hydration without negatively impacting gastric emptying. This combination is used in oral rehydration solutions to effectively treat dehydration, especially in cases of diarrhea.

Question 11

Adding a small amount of glucose and sodium (glucose being the more important factor) to the oral rehydration solution facilitates fluid uptake by the intestinal lumen because rapid glucose-sodium cotransport across the intestinal mucosa stimulates water's passive uptake by osmotic action.

Accepted Answer

The presence of glucose enhances the absorption of sodium and water from the intestinal lumen into the cells by the glucose-sodium cotransport mechanism, which in turn increases the osmotic gradient, facilitating the passive absorption of water and improving hydration.

Question 12

About 1 liter of fluid consumed (34 oz = 4.3 cups = 2.1 pints = about 1 quart) delivered each hour to the small intestine meets the fluids needs of most endurance athletes.

Accepted Answer

The statement provides a reasonable estimate of fluid intake for endurance athletes, as they require adequate hydration to maintain performance and prevent dehydration during prolonged physical activity.

Question 13

Consuming about 60 grams of liquid or solid carbohydrates each hour during 1 hour or more of longer, more intense physical activity benefits aerobic physical activity and repetitive short bouts of near-maximal exercise intensity.

Accepted Answer

Consuming 60 grams of carbohydrates per hour during prolonged, intense physical activity helps maintain blood glucose levels, providing a continuous energy source, which benefits both aerobic endurance activities and repetitive high-intensity exercises by delaying fatigue and improving performance.

Question 14

For rapid carbohydrate replenishment following prolonged physical activity, a food with a high glycemic index rating is more desirable than one rated low.

Accepted Answer

Foods with a high glycemic index (GI) are absorbed and digested more quickly, leading to a faster replenishment of glycogen stores in muscles and liver, which is beneficial after prolonged physical activity for rapid recovery.

Question 15

It takes about 4 hours of strenuous aerobic physical activity to severely deplete the body's glycogen reserves.

Accepted Answer

The answer of It takes about 4 hours of strenuous...

Question 16

Except for total caloric and carbohydrate intake, similar daily requirements for proper nutrition exist for the physically active person and the competitive athlete.

Accepted Answer

Both physically active individuals and competitive athletes require similar nutrients such as proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals for proper body function, recovery, and performance, with differences mainly in the total caloric and carbohydrate intake due to varying energy demands.

Question 17

An egg yolk contains the egg's cholesterol content of approximately 210 mg, total fat of 4.5 grams, and minute amounts of vitamins A, D, B₁₂, B₆, calcium, and magnesium.

Accepted Answer

An egg yolk does contain about 210 mg of cholesterol, 4.5 grams of total fat, and small amounts of vitamins and minerals like A, D, B12, B6, calcium, and magnesium.

Question 18

Egg whites contain about the same amount of total protein but less fat than the egg yolk.

Accepted Answer

Egg whites contain significantly less protein and almost no fat compared to egg yolks, which have more protein and fat.

Question 19

Two American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) Position Stands recommend that sports drinks contain 0.5 to 0.7 grams of sodium per liter of fluid consumed when physical activity is less than 1-hour duration.

Accepted Answer

The ACSM recommends sports drinks that contain 0.5 to 0.7 grams of sodium per liter of fluid for activities longer than 1 hour to replace sodium lost in sweat, not for activities less than 1-hour duration.

Question 20

An insulin overshoot from the rapid blood sugar rise can trigger a relative hypoglycemia, which would impair central nervous system function and produce a fatiguing effect during physical activity.

Accepted Answer

When blood sugar rises rapidly, the body may respond with an excessive release of insulin, leading to a sharp decrease in blood glucose levels (relative hypoglycemia). This can impair central nervous system function and cause fatigue, affecting physical performance.

Quiz 8: Nutritional Considerations for Intense